Well, are you duplicating the mono signal such that there is one for each side? If not, then that’s why.
Mono outs only provide two connections: ground and signal. Stereo ins expect three connections: ground, left, and right. If you try to wire them together, you’ll wire ground-to-ground, and signal-to-left, but realize you’re out of inputs for the right. That’s the mismatch.
An example of this: there’s not really a cable made to go “from mono out to stereo rca in”. Say you have a phono-to-stereo-RCA cable like this:
The first thing to note is this is not mono to stereo. The phono plug is TRS. That is, Tip (left) Ring (right) and Sleeve (ground). That gets directly wired to black (left) and red (right) RCA. If you don’t provide signal on the ring of the phono plug, the cable isn’t going to magically double it for you. It’s going to just play nothing over the red RCA.
And that’s exactly what mono jacks do. They connect to the tip and the sleeve of a plug and completely ignore the ring. So on the RCA side you’ll get sound over the black one but not the red.
Now, why does it work for headphones? Because headphone plugs are also TRS. So if the headphone jack were mono, we’d all only hear sound over the left speaker. This would be beyond annoying. So the P10 does the work of doubling the signal for us, connecting to and sending it out over both the tip and the ring of the phono plug. (it also wouldn’t be a great experience trying to listen to line levels over headphones, so the headphone out also incorporates an amp. More on this in a second)
So you have to options. One, use the mono out, and only plug it into a mono channel of your mixer (or a stereo channel panned hard-left). Two, use the headphone out, which has helpfully doubled the signal for you already.
Why use mono out instead of headphone out? Well as mentioned above, the headphone out has an amp in front of it. Maybe you worry about the quality of that amp and want the “purest” unmodified signal right out of the synth to go to your mixer? The mono out provides that.
Personally I don’t feel like there’s any quality issue worth worrying about. For me, it’s all about the convenience of having an amp I can control the volume of independently of the line out so that I can adjust my headphones to taste without throwing off the mix at my mixer. But if you’re monitoring from the mixer and never bump the headphone volume by accident, I can’t think of a reason not to use the headphone out. Just remember, you’re not actually getting stereo. You’re just getting the same signal cloned left and right.